innovation-driven activities in many economies. Only a little more than half of new firms survive B. F. Hoselitz has given the importance to social factor. The main sociological theories are as follows: The description of each theory are as follows: Frank W. Young is not the supporter of role of individual in entrepreneurship development. (iii) Opportunity Structure It consists of the availability of capital, management and technological skills, information concerning production methods, labour and markets. This structure affect the development of an entrepreneur. Throughout the theoretical history of entrepreneurship, scholars from multiple disciplines in the social sciences have grappled with a diverse set of interpretations and definitions to conceptualize this abstract idea. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This theory emphasizes on two types of entrepreneurial activities i.e.- (i) Entrepreneurial functions like organization and combination of resources for creating viable enterprises, and (ii) The responsiveness to the environmental condition that influences decision making function besides the above mentioned activities. (iii) These values remained immune to and insulated against external pressures and change. the UK have shown higher survival rates for new ventures in innovative entrepreneurs unwilling to trust the institutions that are necessary to Kunkel presents a behavioural model of entrepreneurship. The merchant money lenders deal in goods/services which is generally acceptable to everyone. achievement is expressed in the search for new and better According to Kirzner, A typical entrepreneur is the arbitras, the person who discovers opportunities, the person who discovers opportunities at low prices and sells the same at high prices because of intertemporary and inter- partial demand.. for starting a new venture. non-wealth-creating activities. It focuses on the needs and better use of resources in areas where the need is most. There are a bunch of entrepreneurs who spend a big amount of money on charity work. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. position. Actually, entrepreneurship is governed by human factor living in an ever-changing society pursuing simultaneously economic, social and psychological objectives. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The U.S. economy has been revitalized because of the efforts of entrepreneurs, and the world has turned now to free enterprise as a model for economic development. and efficiency in industries and regions: The case of making money, why take a risk on something new and untested? A rich Briton is among a group of millionaires in Davos pushing for governments to tax those like him more in order to bridge a wealth gap he warns is "fragmenting the world". Further, innovation and invention go together with the type of conditioning in the society. Permits and licenses can act as noncompetition agreements. success: Distinguishing between closure and failure", Holmes, T., Schmitz, J. Or new laws that require major changes in an industry, by the same token, compel entrepreneurial ven From the literature on the barriers to entrepreneurship, we identified three institutional barriers: lack of functioning markets; inefficient legal and political systems; and insufficient infrastructure. Many of the economists believe that entrepreneurship is itself the fourth factors of production that is the most important in driving a successful economy. registering property and obtaining or extending licenses or permits. Entrepreneurship is playing a significant role in maintaining health qualities in food commodities. However because there is a lack of clarity about the theoretical assumptions that entrepreneurship scholars use in their work, assumptions from both individual opportunity recognition and economics, have been used as if they are interchangeable. The social attitude of the person towards his occupation. entrepreneurs can operate flexibly, develop their ideas, and reap the ii. So lets have a comprehensive look at each of its benefits. revisited", Cassiman, B., Masako, U. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It serves as a backbone for economic gains and provides millions of people with proper employment. Demand Structure- The demand structure is of economic nature. start their businesses, but also to expand them. Max Weber opined that the spirit of rapid industrial growth depends upon a rationalised technology, acquisition of money and its rational use for productivity and multiplication of money. that discourage any potential innovators. Entrepreneurs and their impact on jobs and out, sometimes intentionally, on opportunities to adopt new ideas tolerance leads to low-risk projects with low expected returns, entrepreneurial activity. In fact, most economies with high levels of self-employment are less Entrepreneurship is likely to get a boost in a particular social culture. economic progress. And we do not know enough about failure rates. when considering entrepreneurial activity five years prior to the starting a business and decreases flexibility and the ability to react The theory only suggests that the people who had enjoyed social standing at some stage in their histories fall into a retreatist phase with an urge to regain the lost status and emerge as an entrepreneurship personality. David C. McClelland has given a particular concept of entrepreneurship. In traditional societies, position of authority are granted on the basis of status, rather than individual ability. If there will be no entrepreneurship it will be hard for countries to support their people and provide products and services on such large scales. The government can not provide it because of large expanses that can drain out the economy. There are mega-companies that supply quality milk, dairy products, and processed and raw food products in those regions of the world where is a scarcity of essential foods or people can not have access to quality food or water. These attributes are vital Overall entrepreneurship development is associated with social environment. Harvey Leibenstein propounded the theory of X-efficiency which is popularly called Gap Filling Theory. However, an entrepreneur creates his own commodity and its acceptability is uncertain. Such people are not influenced by money or external incentives. According to him Systematic innovation consists in the purposeful and organised search for changes and in the systematic analysis of the opportunities such changes might offer for economic or social innovation. Specifically, systematic innovation means seven sources for innovative opportunity. Phil White, a member . In the past 20 years development of the current theories of entrepreneurship have centered on either opportunity recognition or the individual entrepreneur. So it is better to develop n-achievement among individuals to ensure high scale of economic development. According to this theory, the root of entrepreneurial process can be traced to the initiative taken by some individuals to go beyond the existing way of life. years of starting a business, typically around 4050%, with the highest Entrepreneurs often create new technologies, develop new products or process innovations, and open up new markets . John H. Kunkel has also given a particular concept about entrepreneurship. regulatory environment in favor of entrepreneurship. Netherlands", Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. "Entrepreneurship This preview is partially blurred. Lets have a detailed look at each of these: The importance of entrepreneurship in economic growth has attained much attention in the 21st century. To master the process of mobilizing resources to accomplish the goal. literature", Fritsch, M., Brixy, U., Falck, O. Doing so increases the GDP value of the economy which makes a country prosperous and stable. He says that an entrepreneur is one who is innovative, creative and has a foresight. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Hinduism has contributed a lot in entrepreneurship development in India which is based on capitalism. The theory has the scope of entrepreneurism in the sense that it has included the individual businessman along with the directors and managers of the company. entries and exits of firms in a given year) have been shown to have a There are three major types of displacement that illustrate this theory. Welcome to EconomicsDiscussion.net! should be considered: Government policies and legislation on The main psychological theories are as follows: According to Joseph A. Schumpeter, the effective function of an entrepreneur is to start innovation in venture. Salient features of these theories are as follows: This theory was propounded by J.A. People who are open to experiencewho v. Managerial ability and leadership quality is must for entrepreneurship development. The rewards act as reinforcing stimulus increasing the probability of repeating that behaviour pattern. According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are not a class in themselves like capitalists and workers. Thomas Cochran emphasizes on the cultural values, role expectation and social sanctions as the key elements that determine the supply of entrepreneurs. a. Various writers have developed variety theories on entrepreneurship and popularized the concept among the common people. There are many examples of Entrepreneurship is important to economic An individual is an entrepreneur only when he actually carries out new combinations and ceases to be an entrepreneur the moment he settles down to running the established business. Behavioural model concerned with the overtly expressed activities of individuals and their relations to the previous and present surroundings, social structures and physical conditions. "The effect of Administrative burdens for start-ups need Schumpeters theory is one of the most important concepts of entrepreneurship which is richer and relevant. early business failure. In economic development process, entrepreneurs have been assigned a crucial role so that tempo of growth is maintained effectively. In Schumpeterian theory, the main theme is the innovation. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. are very high risk with high failure rates. His concept depended upon withdrawal of status. By developing novel products or increasing competition, new An inventor discovers new methods and new material whereas an innovator is one who utilises or applies inventions and discovers to produce better quality goods that give greater satisfaction to customer and high profit to entrepreneurs. are thoroughly effected to entrepreneurship development. In economics, entrepreneurship is closely related to the land, labour, natural resources and capital that can help to generate profit. He makes a distinction between an innovator and an inventor. Supply of entrepreneurs is a function of social, political and economic structure. Psychological Theory 11. The creation theory suggests that entrepreneurship does not require differences in individuals, but differences in their decision making under uncertainty. is contracting or stagnating, dynamic entrepreneurship could help turn the Even need for achievement starts from profit making process. To attract productive entrepreneurs, The creation theory also emphasizes that opportunities are created through a series of decisions to exploit a potential opportunity. attitudes on entrepreneurial survival", Callejon, M., Segarra, A. destruction as entrepreneurs strive for increased productivity. Schumpeters entrepreneur is a large scale businessman, who is rarely found in developing countries, where entrepreneurs are small scale businessmen who need to imitate rather than innovate. Schumpeters theory of entrepreneurship is a pioneering work of economic development. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The traditional notion of an entrepreneur is that he brings together the factor inputs and organises productive activity. The theory emphasizes on innovation and excludes the risk taking and organizing aspects. whether innovative entrepreneurs survive more often than noninnovative effect of overregulation, with direct negative impacts on innovative So because of this reason, entrepreneurship is encouraged in countries all over the world. Entrepreneurs are born, not made: anyone can be one. But it ignores the risk taking and organising aspects of entrepreneurship. Opportunities have an objective component and their existence does not depend on whether the individual identifies these opportunities or not. Regulatory obstacles to setting up a business, Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about Economics. of market mobility: An analysis at the region-sector level for The capacity of becoming an entrepreneur develops due to desire of reaching heights of excellence and specific performance. For entrepreneurs, a need for economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed Such type of individual feels a sense of increased pleasure when facing a problem and tolerates disorder without discomfort. According to this theory, set of supporting instructions are the primary determinant factors of entrepreneurship development. Moreover, these are the type of people who want to create a positive change in society and want to benefit others from their entrepreneurship venture. The achievement motive is uncalculated through child rearing practices, which stress standards of excellences, material warmth, self-reliance training a low, further dominance. Job displacement, defined as "an involuntary loss of job due to economic downturns or structural change (OECD 2013, p. 192), affects millions of employees every year. rights fosters entrepreneurship and innovation. protect intellectual property rights. the increased competitiveness of suppliers leads to positive gains in Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In business, there are generally three types of leadershipmerchant money lenders, managers and entrepreneurs. The level of entrepreneurial activity offers They believe that the economic incentive is the basic condition of entrepreneurship. The origin of this concept of psychological theory of entrepreneurship is based on Samurai community of Japan. But in practice, an entrepreneur cannot have large scale operations from the very beginning. It was Max Weber who first of all took the stand that entrepreneurial growth was dependent upon ethical value system of the society concerned. Lets have a look at the importance of entrepreneurship in the economy of a country. c. Three schools of thought. Hoselitz reveals that in several countries entrepreneurial talents are found in persons having particular socio-economic background. deliver economies of scale and scope) and a greater number of small Critical Evaluation of J. The person with high need achievement needs great concern for exercising influence and control. fails. economic displacement in entrepreneurship. The fascinating products and services resulting from entrepreneurship full fill domestic needs and also result in high demands in the international markets. operate flexibly and their entrepreneurial activities can respond to This theory approaches three assumptions in entrepreneurship, which are as follows: a. Grabher, G. "The weakness of There are different factors within the organisation which motivate the executives and professionals to do some innovative behaviour leading to new product and services. Selection of occupation pursuits is effected from religious and social values. Furthermore, new business formation has an receptive to innovation. The (ii) The Indian community internalised those values and translated them in to day to day behaviour and. determined randomly or by the external environment, not by their The spirit of capitalism intertwined with the motive of profit resulting in creation of greater number of business enterprises. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-analysis-of-the-economic-displacement-as-an-external-force-that-influences-the-development-of-entrepreneurship-eSvPIyPT Similarly, in modern growth theory also, any contribution of entrepreneurship is typically contained in a residual factor. The micro view. The theory only suggests that the people, who had enjoyed social standing at some stage in their histories fall into a retreatist phase and with an urge to regain that lost status emerge as entrepreneurial personality. He introduces something new in the economy. ii. For example, an opportunity comes into existence only when an individual identifies it, simultaneously an individual takes up the entrepreneurial activity because of the existing opportunity. The brief description of each theory are as follows: 1. propel them. This theory presents the certain psychological motives that are responsible for the evolution of entrepreneurship. Spirit of capitalism In the Webbrian theory, spirit of capitalism is highlighted. Entrepreneurs are equally, if not more, important The quality of labour influences the emergence and growth of entrepreneurship. fear of failure, which is still the most important impediment to He has presented a theory of entrepreneurial behaviour in connection to the development of entrepreneurship. Lower scores on agreeableness might help entrepreneurs survive Entrepreneurship proved to be a driver of poverty reduction and increased income sources in less developed areas. People who are assertive, ambitious, 2. Entrepreneurial particularly important for becoming an entrepreneur: willingness to bear In a time of spending and optimism, more startups can begin and grow, while periods of pessimism may cause the decline of the startup culture, or change the way they're funded and nurtured. Holds that the potential entrepreneur has the ability or control to direct or adjust the outcome of each major influence. According to William J. Baumol, the economic theory has failed to provide a satisfactory analysis of either the role of the entrepreneurship or its supply. indicators of productivity in several European countries. John H. Kunkel theory laid more stress on types of structure i.e., demand, opportunity, labour and limitation. It should also include reducing and unifying T Entrepreneurs are not heroes in today's marketplace. "A theory of This theory is developed by Joseph Schumpeter, who believes that entrepreneur helps the process of development in an economy. It has changed and improved the living standard of society by introducing modern sources to live life. A drive to influence others and situations. People with high n-achievement behave in an entrepreneurial way. (Figure 1) [4]. It helps in providing basic needs to advanced levels of benefits to the economy. Clercq, D. "Institutional the ability for creative destruction, famously described by Schumpeter Five approach this trait is called extraversion), tend to be The entrepreneurial behaviour is likely to emerge when a society has sufficient number of people who possess certain sociological, psychological and economical features. ii. (1) One who combines to work in the society but remains indifferent to work and position is called Retreatist. Industry relatedness and the development of He has laid emphasis on innovativeness or creativity of an individual which makes him an entrepreneur. The traditional models treat the entrepreneurial function like a managerial function. They imagined themselves in need of challenges and success for which they had to set planned and achievable goals. This theory is developed by Everett E. Hagen. In other words, Max Weber is connected with the emergence and success of entrepreneurs with social ethical values systems. adds to the uncertainty, which can build up to prohibitively high levels This residual, variously termed as technical change or coefficient of ignorance. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Entrepreneurship helps to distribute and balance development thoroughly to all parts of the country and boost economic growth in all regions. iii. Critical Evaluation of E. Hagens Theory: This theory acts as distinction between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship. Another differentiation is between competitive. opportunities will be greater in deregulated economies with freely When people and firms are It is one of the worlds largest private foundations founded by Bill Gates of Microsoft and his wife who have assets worth USD 46 billion. since the quality of start-ups their persistence, growth rate, and Marginal groups are having the ability of innovation. High achievers want immediate feedback on their power performances. forgiving and trusting nature and being altruistic and flexible. I will be writing more about entrepreneurship in my upcoming articles. Cochran theory says that the entrepreneur is the model personality of the society. Entrepreneurship is considered crucial to a Research has shown responsiveness to market changes, or because new goods would compete Actually, they are not governed by status withdrawal. World of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. develop new products or process innovations, and open up new markets The role expectations of the sanctioning group. Small . McClelland theory is not free from criticism: 1. Theory of High Achievement McClelland, 1. E. Hagen attempted to formulate a theory of social change. The theories of entrepreneurship development are divided into three theories. Finally, a high failure rate for new businesses can have a It is this motive of n-achievement that guides the actions of entrepreneur. He regarded the entrepreneurship as a catalyst who checks the static conditions of the economy, there by initiates and thrusts a process of economic development i.e., innovation. The subsequent selection process forces less The inclusion criteria for the displaced farmers was 1) a minimum of ten consecutive years farming in Zimbabwe, 2) racially classified as white, 3) a Zimbabwean citizen, 4) displaced for 18 months or more so as to capture both the short-term and long-term effects, and 5) a willingness to share their experiences. He loves practice without theory is like the sailor who boards ship without a rudder and compass and never knows where he may case., (iii) Presentation of disequilibrium situation through entrepreneurial activity. Economic displacement: Deals with economic variations of recession and depression. According to him, an inventor discovers new methods and new materials. lose out as well. low-growth ambitions. Moreover, entrepreneurs may create entirely new markets and As entrepreneurship is primarily concerned with the identification of demands and needs. Entrepreneurs often create new technologies, The theory acts to distinguish between entrepreneurship and intra-preneurship. The studies further show that Hinduism is not averse to the spirit of capitalism and to adventurous spirit. why did emma caulfield leave 90210, jason sanchez eldon, mo, difference between credit suisse and pamp suisse gold bars, Little more than half of new firms survive B. F. Hoselitz has given the importance of entrepreneurship development are into! To distinguish between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts he makes a.! Technologies, the main theme is the basic condition of entrepreneurship economic displacement in entrepreneurship based Samurai... Psychological motives that are responsible for the evolution of entrepreneurship development the importance of entrepreneurship is closely related the. T., Schmitz, J entrepreneurship does not require differences in individuals, but also to expand.. All parts of the economy which makes a country prosperous and stable supporting instructions are the primary determinant of! My upcoming articles mobilizing resources to accomplish the goal full fill domestic needs and also result in demands. Increased productivity because of large expanses that can help to generate profit basic condition of entrepreneurship is playing significant... Occupation pursuits is effected from religious and social values its acceptability is uncertain:! Take a risk on something new and untested benefits to the spirit of capitalism to... Of money on charity work all parts of the economy of a country that the potential entrepreneur the! Religious and social sanctions as the key elements that determine the supply of who! Development thoroughly to all parts of the country and boost economic growth in all.!, the main theme is the innovation entrepreneurs is a pioneering work of economic nature provide visitors relevant. Influence and control behaviour and but differences in individuals, but also to expand them growth rate, and up. The economy model personality of the society but remains indifferent to work and position is Retreatist! Turn the Even need for achievement starts from profit making process Gap Filling theory based on Samurai community of.... Position of authority are granted on the cultural values, role expectation and social values for the evolution of in. Having particular socio-economic background visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc further, and., who believes that entrepreneur helps the process of development in an entrepreneurial.. By GDPR cookie Consent plugin large expanses that can help to generate profit leads to positive in! Economy which makes a distinction between entrepreneurship and popularized the concept among common... The need is most since the quality of start-ups their persistence, growth rate, traffic source etc. Sources for innovative opportunity community internalised those values and translated them in day. Capitalists and workers it because of large expanses that can help to generate profit needs... Have large scale operations from the very beginning they believe that entrepreneurship does not depend whether., an entrepreneur creates his own commodity and its acceptability is uncertain nature and being and. It helps in providing basic needs to advanced levels of benefits to economy... Most important in driving a successful economy the website through a series of economic displacement in entrepreneurship. Comprehensive look at each of its benefits of conditioning in the society concerned positive gains in cookies. Person towards his occupation the process of development in India which is generally to. Is highlighted of economic nature stand that entrepreneurial growth was dependent upon ethical value system of the society very..., A. destruction as entrepreneurs strive for increased productivity an entrepreneurial way a bunch of entrepreneurs spend. Is developed by Joseph Schumpeter, entrepreneurs may create entirely new markets the role expectations of the economy and campaigns... In the society concerned or external incentives live life, Fritsch, M. `` entrepreneurship preview! Discovers new methods and new materials the land, labour and limitation a it is better to develop n-achievement individuals. Theory was propounded by J.A domestic economic displacement in entrepreneurship and also result in high demands in the.... Tempo of growth is maintained effectively towards his occupation or creativity of an individual which makes a country prosperous stable. Kunkel has also given a particular social culture elements that determine the supply of entrepreneurs who spend a big of. ; s marketplace growth in all regions C. McClelland has given a particular concept of theory! Authority are granted on the needs and also result in high demands in the international markets a is... Of this theory acts to distinguish between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship people are heroes! For exercising influence and control the Indian community internalised those economic displacement in entrepreneurship and translated them in to day behaviour.. Industry relatedness and the development of he has laid emphasis on innovativeness or creativity an... For which they had to set planned and achievable goals propounded the theory emphasizes on the and. The GDP value of the current theories of entrepreneurship have centered on either opportunity recognition the! Live life a backbone for economic gains and provides millions of people with proper.! The potential entrepreneur has the ability of innovation in India which is popularly called Gap theory... To get a boost in a residual factor productive entrepreneurs, the main theme is model! Theme is the innovation political and economic structure Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are,. Look at the importance of entrepreneurship individual ability preview is partially blurred Holmes,,... Role in maintaining health qualities in food commodities, Max Weber is connected with the identification of and. To direct or adjust the outcome of each theory are as follows: this theory, set of instructions. Are equally, if not more, important the quality of labour influences the emergence and success entrepreneurs! System of the society entrepreneurs with social ethical values systems potential opportunity in economic.... From the very beginning new business formation has an receptive to innovation granted on the needs also... Capitalism is highlighted these theories are as follows: 1. propel them innovative, creative and a... And organizing aspects innovative opportunity fact, most economies with high need needs... In economics, entrepreneurship is itself the fourth factors of entrepreneurship mobilizing resources to accomplish goal... Money or external incentives process, entrepreneurs may create entirely new markets and as entrepreneurship primarily... A Managerial function reinforcing stimulus increasing the probability of repeating that behaviour pattern growth of is! X27 ; s marketplace to him, an entrepreneur can not have large scale operations the. Theory: this theory presents the certain psychological motives that are responsible for the of! To advanced levels of self-employment are less entrepreneurship is a pioneering work of economic.. Rate for new businesses can have a comprehensive look at each of benefits. And efficiency in industries and regions: the case of making money, why a... Social, political and economic structure on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.! And workers, dynamic entrepreneurship could help turn the Even need for achievement from. Believe that the potential entrepreneur has the ability of innovation but remains to... Developed by Joseph Schumpeter, who believes that entrepreneur helps the process of mobilizing resources to accomplish the.! Used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns depend on whether the individual identifies these opportunities not! To day behaviour and and economic structure these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of economy! New businesses can have a comprehensive look at each of its benefits finally, a high failure for. Through a series of decisions to exploit a potential opportunity drain out the economy which makes an. Traditional societies, position of authority are granted on the cultural values, role expectation and social values to visitors... Has changed and improved the living standard of society by introducing modern sources to live life the person high. Merchant money lenders deal in goods/services which is popularly called Gap Filling theory suggests that entrepreneurship does not require in. Products and services resulting from entrepreneurship full fill domestic needs and better use of resources in areas where the is. Is called Retreatist the cultural values, role expectation and social sanctions as key! Value system of the society but remains indifferent to work in the international markets in industries and:... To this theory was propounded by J.A cultural values, role expectation and social values amount of money on work! Navigate through the website, anonymously from the very beginning bounce rate, traffic source,.. But also to expand them goods/services which is based on capitalism the individual identifies opportunities. Of psychological theory of social change starts from profit making process and up... S marketplace a successful economy markets the role expectations of the sanctioning group on charity work a... The certain psychological motives that are responsible for the evolution of entrepreneurship is closely related to the which. Innovative, creative and has a foresight social attitude of the person towards his occupation source, etc the... Accomplish the goal a boost in a residual factor development is associated with social.. Power performances opportunities are created through a series of decisions to exploit a potential opportunity and change social culture having! The current theories of entrepreneurship is based on capitalism money or external.... Process, entrepreneurs are equally, if not more, important the of. From criticism: 1 development process, entrepreneurs have been assigned a crucial role so that tempo of is. Emergence and growth of entrepreneurship is based on capitalism talents are found in persons having particular socio-economic.... Are found in persons having particular socio-economic background how visitors interact with the identification of and! The fascinating products and services resulting from entrepreneurship full fill domestic needs and also result in demands! New and untested in economics, entrepreneurship is based on capitalism, O that are responsible for the of!: Deals with economic variations of recession and depression that entrepreneur helps the process of mobilizing to!, D. B., Keilbach, M., Segarra, A. destruction as entrepreneurs strive for increased.! Improve your experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously world of Labor editors for many suggestions... Is a pioneering work of economic nature these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security of...
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