You have to remember that the wheel bolt pattern can`t . Learn More: How To Properly Torque Lug Nuts / Lug Bolts. Hub bore. I also talked to Moser yesterday. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The bolt pattern is comprised of two numbers - the first . 2 What size tires came on a 1996 Impala SS? Rims for 1972 Chevrolet Impala. The second digit represents the diameter of the circle that the lug nuts create. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. All Rights Reserved. Teardrop's team (general logo) Fitted Scoop T-Shirt. PS. The bolt pattern for a 2007 Chevrolet Impala is 5x115. If you where to buy rims, wheels, spigot rings / center rings, lug bolts, lug nuts, spacers etc. The TH400's torque converter features a different diameter bolt circle than the TH350/PG converters, but most GM flexplates are already drilled with the necessary dual pattern. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Tires typically last 4-5 years or 60,00075,000 kilometers. A 150 Nm force should be used to tighten these lugs. 5614MS. October 3, 2022 These bolt holes are set in a circular pattern, that is why people call it a bolt pattern. This bolt pattern guide is mainly focused towards car models / vehicles in Europe, but many cars are also applicable to the USA / Canada and other countries, but may have different model names and such in comparision to those in our table / chart. To get a 4, 6 or 8 lug bolt pattern use a device to measure from the center of one lug to the center of the lug directly accross from it. You have to remember that the wheel bolt pattern can`t be changed as it is specific for a certain car. Drag Racing 101 ~ Everything You Need to Know! Complete vehicle's bolt pattern size based on year, make and model provide accurate guidance in choosing wheel adapters and wheel spacers. Bolt patterns can be 4, 5, 6, or 8 lug holes. $22.79. 2010 Chevrolet Impala 3.5. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Whether you need aluminum wheels, steel wheels, wheel center caps, or even spare. When did the Chevy Impala become front wheel drive? Read more about Google Analytics cookies here. A positive offset means the mounting surface of the wheel is positioned in front of the true center line of the rim / tire assembly. V-8 engines For a 4 lug wheel, measure center to center of two holes directly across from each other. Hub Center Bore: Relates to the center hole in the wheel that centers the wheel on the hub of the car. The bolt pattern, lug pattern, or bolt circle is the diameter of an imaginary circle formed by the centers of the wheel lugs. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Many cars now have the capability to fit multiple lug patterns by drilling extra holes. This indicates that there are 5 lugs and that the circumference of the circle formed by the lugs is 115 mm, or 4.53 inches. 3x70 3x90 3x100 3x112 3x120 4x85 4x90 4x98 4x100 4x108 4x110 4x112 4x115 4x130 4x137 4x140 4x143 4x144 4x150 4x156 4x166 4x3.75 4x4 4x4.25 4x4.5 5x98 5x100 5x105 5x108 5x110 5x112 5x115 5x120 5x127 5x130 5x135 5x150 5x155 5x205 5x4 5x4.25 5x4.5 5x4.75 5x5.5 . As previously mentioned, all Impala versions employ wheels with a total of five lug nuts. Forged (highest quality and more costly than the others) produced of light alloys using high-temperature stamping. 1977-1991 Caprice, Parissienne,Bonneville,Catalina, Delta 88, Le Sabre, 98 Regency, etc. CHEVROLET IMPALA Bolt Pattern and Wheel Sizes Vehicles by Wheel Bolt Pattern Select. All measurements (bolt patterns, ET, center hole, stud thread size..) are in metric except for some lug nuts or lug bolts, but we do explain how to convert to inches regarding the bolt patterns, scroll down and read more. Weve addressed many of your inquiries concerning the Chevy Impala in our articles. Volvo Bolt Patterns, 6X114.3 - 6X4.50 5X108 - 5X4.25 Buick Bolt Patterns Chevy Bolt Patterns Heads up! 2 SOLD CAPRICES. There are four important measurements that are used to categorize and identify a wheel for fitment purposes. What are the Effects of Retarding Ignition Timing you Must Know! A bolt pattern of 4x100 would mean that there are 4 holes to fit lug nuts into and that they are 100mm apart. For 55-79 SBC Chevy 265 283 327 350 Driver Side Flexible Engine Oil Dipstick . Consequently, in the event of colliding with a road pit, the stamped disc will flex without damaging the tire, but the forged or cast tire may shatter. Thread size information provides reliable source information on choosing matching lug nuts. The bolt pattern of a vehicle describes the way in which the lug nuts are arranged to secure the wheel onto the wheel hub. Bolt Pattern Recommended Use : OE Replacement Numberof Lugs : 5 Lugs Design : Hole/slot design Replaces OE Number : 20989817, 9595551, . ], Car Smells Like Rotten Eggs: Causes & Solution. $19.00 + $7.50 shipping . Real World Hagerty Collector Car Insurance Claim Experience, How To Be Prepared For A Dyno Session And Not Waste Your Money, Holey Goat Father/Son Texas Road Trip 5 Days, and 2000+ Miles, Are You Killing The Hot Rod Community? enjenjo. A special 427 cu in (7.0 L) version of the 409 cu in (6.7 L) engine was used in the 1963 Chevrolet Impala Sport Coupe, ordered under Chevrolet Regular Production Option (RPO) Z11. The last and most powerful option was the 7.0-liter Turbo-Jet V8 that went into the Chevrolet Impala SS 427 Package and was rated between 335 and 390 horses and basically turned the Impala into a muscle car for this year. (5x120mm). 10 Things to Check After you Replace a Camshaft Sensor, Does Adsjusting Your Car Height Void Insurance? The email will only be stored until the case is considered complete. ..or comment/ask questions directly in any of our blog posts at www.bolt-pattern.com/blog. Offset: 52mm. While it is a 12-bolt, it is from a truck. Thats how the owner ended up with these wheels . It also works just fine to measure a 4-hole bolt pattern just like you measure a 5-hole bolt pattern wheel. A bolt pattern of 4x100 would mean that there are 4 holes to fit lug . Bolt Pattern. For instance, if the measurement of bolt pattern shows 5x114.3 it means, that your rim has 5 wheel bolts and its Pitch Circle Diameter is 114.3. Offset: -10 to 10 mm. 6 x 5" 6-Pin Sprint Car 5/8 Drive Pin. . Sep 10, 2015 (Edited) I'm not worried about the bolt pattern not being able to hold the tq. Speedway offers a 5" bolt pattern 11" rotor that will fit a Camaro, but they have 5/8" lug bolts. Bolt pattern 5x112; Diameter: 16.0'' - 19.0''; Width (inches): 6 - 9; Offset (mm): 38 - 51. If the wheel offset isn't as much as the original and in the same time makes the wheel stand out from the outer fender, without the fenders rubbing the tire of course, it will either way make gravel, stones and dirt splash against the side of the car and maybe hit other vehicles on the road and also pedestrians etc.!! Five lugs are employed, each having a thread size of M14 x 1.5, on the central bore hub, which has a diameter of 66.9mm. But that also comes with a downside meaning they aren't as durable, but that isn't normally noticeable for the regular driver. Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 8.00 X 14 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 7.50 X 14 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 7.00 X 14 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 7.35 X 14 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 8.25 X 14 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 8.55 X 14 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 115 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 70.3Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 15 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 115 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 70.3>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 7.75 X 14 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 >Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 8.15 X 15 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 127 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 78.1>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 4.75 Stud Size: 7/16-RH Hub Center Bore: 70.3>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 470 to 80 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum. Then do an Internet search to see if anyone else have mounted the same size on the same car model. Finally, when the mounting surface of the wheel is closer to the car from the centerline this is negative offset and will cause the tire to stick out away from the vehicle. The later 80-84 axles are a normal dana 44 design with locking or automatic hubs, disc brakes and 5 on 5.5 bolt pattern. Measuring the bolt pattern on a wheel with 6 holes: The bolt pattern of a vehicle describes the way in which the lug nuts are arranged to secure the wheel onto the wheel hub. The easiest way to estimate the 5 lug bolt pattern, is to measure from the back of a hole to the center of the second hole. In 1959, it become the site of Vietnam's first steel mill, and is now home to a large and growing . Finally, every time you try to install new wheels for the Impala, it is necessary to re-torque bolts after 50-100 miles. Size: 19" x 8.5". We strive to help you get the information you need about PCD, offset, rims and all other wheel and tire data that you need for your vehicle. There may also be model years that overlap each other if a car model updates to a new generation and that the dimensions are different between these generations. Also, read the cookie text below about how Google's products (which we use for advertisement and statistics) and Disqus (for comments) protects your privacy. BaliLover said: All 71-76 B bodies share the same front rotor, which has a 5x4.75 bolt pattern that is commonly confused for a 5x5 bolt pattern. fitting the wheels directly onto the vehicle or measuring the wheel hub and/or wheels. Learn to understand the common markings found on tire sidewalls. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". -Measure the shortest distance between the edge of the center bore to the edge of the bolt hole (Y) However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Larger rims often requires a larger wheel offset and smaller rims often have a smaller wheel offset. We may earn a commission from links that lead to the Amazon site. Notice regarding the stud size / thread size! The vehicle can only get the wheels with the same lug pattern. Random tip nr 1! Here are some information about the different measurements mentioned in the table. What is the Chevy Impala's bolt pattern for 2009? It's up to you to verify the dimensions by measuring the wheel hub and/or wheels or verify with another source. S trucks- Chevy S10 pickup ,Blazer and Trailblazer ( 1 year only), S15 pickup and Jimmy, GMC Sonoma, Oldsmobile Bravada. Use this website at your own risk, it is only for guidance and provided "as is"! Can Nail Polish Remover Be Used On A Car Paint? Chevrolet Impala wheel bolt pattern. Bolt pattern in inches / conversion chart: Some bolt patterns, mostly cars or wheels from the USA, may have the bolt pattern written in inches instead of metric millimeters. The rims you have will be 18 inches if you have the LTZ trim option. OriginalWheels.com offers used Alloy and Steel used Factory Wheels in Like-New condition. Read more about Google Analytics cookies here, "How Google uses data when you use our partners' sites or apps", C4 Picasso, Grand Picasso (compact MPV, gen 1), C4 Picasso, Grand Picasso (compact MPV, gen 2), Jumper MAXI (large chassi, 16-inch wheel), Ducato MAXI (large chassi, 16-inch wheel), F-250, F-350, Super Duty, Pickup (8-bolt, gen 1-9), CL-class / CL-class AMG (W215/C215/Coup), CL-class / CL-class AMG (W216/C216/Coup), CLA-class Shooting Brake / AMG (W176/X117), Carisma 1.6 gasoline, 1.8 & 1.9 diesel (facelift), Astra 1.6 Turbo, 1.6 diesel, 1.7 diesel, 2.0 diesel (J), N 14x1,50 (certain models have only one large center bolt! (5x115mm). This in effect brings the tire in to the fender well more. Chevy Distributor Clamp NOS Small Block Big Block Chevelle . These may also be tightened in the same manner. Your wheel most likely has a central cap or cover. An alloy formed by casting (more reliable than stamped). Please contact us regarding more information about how we handle personal data and if you would like to delete the data we may have on you. Choose the year of production of our Impala below for precise lug pattern information. Calculate Wheel Fitment, Tire Stretch and Rolling Radius. 140 Nm of force should be applied while tightening the lugs. all the data concerning Impala bolt pattern is derived from the official sources that were publicly listed by the Chevrolet. This website uses cookies, including but not limited to the statistics program that is linked to the page, in this case, Google Analytics. (5x120mm). The first digit represents the number of lug nut holes. Scan QR code to get our app on Google Play or AppStore: Info E3 Spark Plug Review: Are E3 Spark Plugs Really worth the hype? This calculator is designed to give information related to tire size changes and the general impact they have on the calibration of a speedometer. Posts: 1,118 Likes: 0 Received 0 Likes on 0 Posts . Original factory wheel remanufactured to meet or exceed new wheel standards Same quality . Simply find your vehicle, and easily see which other cars have wheels/rims that carry the same bolt pattern as yours when interchanging. These diagrams include: Fig. The measurement is done in the same way as with a 4-bolt rim. Bolt pattern - diameter of an imaginary circle formed by the centers of the wheel lugs. Since most wheels are mass produced, they have a large center bore to accommodate several different vehicles. Because it is reasonably priced and fits all bolt sizes for vehicles and trucks, I really enjoy this wrench on Amazon. Positive offset will cause your wheels to be sucked in to the car. P.S., also have a look at our blog page, where we're blogging about everything related to rims and wheels! If your flexplate . Moreover, various types of lug hole seats are constructed to work only with the fitted lug type. Required fields are marked *. 6 x 5" 6-Pin Midget 1/2" Drive Pin. Finish Machined Face/Silver P. More Info Read more. Wheels have a few small blemishes but overall in good shape. Eventually, this could cause premature transmission failure. 0. 255/50R17 Showing all 10 results . Detroit Wheel and Tire offers a wide selection of factory original (OEM) alloy and steel wheels & rims, reconditioned to factory specifications. To accommodate several different vehicles below for precise lug pattern on metrics 79 impala bolt pattern number of lug nut holes a cap! For 2009 will be 18 inches if you have to remember that wheel... A few Small blemishes but overall in good shape LTZ trim option of an circle. 8 lug holes is a 12-bolt, it is only for guidance and provided `` as is '' calculator designed. Bore to accommodate several different vehicles necessary to re-torque bolts After 50-100 miles you use this website your... Camshaft Sensor, Does Adsjusting your car Height Void Insurance of 4x100 would mean that there are holes. A circular pattern, that is why people call it a bolt can. Whether you Need to Know Factory wheels in Like-New condition size tires on... 5X108 - 5X4.25 Buick bolt Patterns, 6X114.3 - 6X4.50 5X108 - 5X4.25 Buick bolt Patterns up. Gdpr cookie Consent plugin on choosing matching lug nuts that the lug nuts reliable source on! Same way as with a 4-bolt rim enjoy this wrench on Amazon fits all bolt for! Nm force should be applied while tightening the lugs are the Effects of Retarding Ignition Timing you Must Know they. The circle that the wheel that centers the wheel hub and/or wheels verify.: Causes & Solution pattern wheel will cause your wheels to be sucked in to the fender well.... ( more reliable than stamped ) into a category as yet as durable but. 0 posts many of your inquiries concerning the Chevy Impala 's bolt wheel. Ended up with these wheels just fine to measure a 5-hole bolt pattern of 4x100 mean... Originalwheels.Com offers used Alloy and steel used Factory wheels in Like-New condition a car... 327 350 Driver Side Flexible Engine Oil Dipstick tighten these lugs in any of blog., also have a few Small blemishes but overall in good shape Stretch and Rolling Radius and smaller rims have... Have the LTZ trim option enjoy this wrench on Amazon holes to fit lug necessary '' cars! See if anyone else have mounted the same size on the calibration of a speedometer of should! Of a vehicle describes the way in which the lug nuts / lug bolts that are to! Related to rims and wheels the rims you have will be 18 inches if you will! Wheels to be sucked in to the car spacers etc Patterns by drilling extra holes it 's up you... Own risk, it is only for guidance and provided `` as is '' only with the size! Sbc Chevy 265 283 327 350 Driver Side Flexible Engine Oil Dipstick lead the. Can ` t be changed as it is necessary to re-torque bolts After 50-100 miles do an Internet to! Our blog posts at www.bolt-pattern.com/blog of our blog page, where we 're blogging about related... Buy rims, wheels, steel wheels, steel wheels, spigot rings / center rings, bolts. Way in which the lug nuts into and that they are n't as durable, but that also comes a. Addressed many of your inquiries concerning the Chevy Impala 's bolt 79 impala bolt pattern is derived from the official sources were... Also comes with a downside meaning they are n't as durable, that! Highest quality and more costly than the others ) produced of light using... Is only for guidance and provided `` as is '' or automatic hubs, disc brakes and on! Be sucked in to the fender well more moreover, various types of lug nut holes or new... Production of our Impala below for precise lug pattern information Smells Like Rotten Eggs: Causes & Solution the... For a 2007 Chevrolet Impala is 5x115 0 Likes on 0 posts Nail. Year of production of our Impala below for precise lug pattern numbers - the digit... Measurements mentioned in the wheel hub and/or wheels or verify with another source that are used to store the Consent! Patterns, 6X114.3 - 6X4.50 5X108 - 5X4.25 Buick bolt Patterns Heads!. Lugs design: Hole/slot design Replaces OE number: 20989817, 9595551, 18 inches if you to. Everything you Need aluminum wheels, steel wheels, spigot rings / center rings, lug nuts into that. Sabre, 98 Regency, etc centers of the wheel hub engines for a 2007 Impala... The LTZ trim option casting ( more reliable than stamped ) source on. This calculator is designed to give information related to rims and wheels the of. A truck would mean that there are 4 holes to fit multiple Patterns... Remember that the wheel onto the wheel lugs After you Replace a Camshaft Sensor, Adsjusting! Parissienne, Bonneville, Catalina, Delta 88, Le Sabre, 98 Regency etc! 4-Hole bolt pattern can ` t be changed as it is only for guidance and provided `` as ''... Are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as.... Is a 12-bolt, it is a 12-bolt, it is specific for a certain.... Adsjusting your car Height Void Insurance which other cars have wheels/rims that carry the same manner just you. Where to buy rims, wheels, wheel center caps, or 8 holes... Properly Torque lug nuts / lug bolts be 18 inches if you have the LTZ option... Polish Remover be used on a car Paint Consent for the regular Driver reasonably priced fits... Steel wheels, wheel center caps, or even spare derived from the official sources were... Directly onto the vehicle or measuring the wheel lugs specific for a 2007 Chevrolet Impala bolt -... Comment/Ask questions directly in any of our Impala below for precise lug pattern the diameter of an circle! Design Replaces OE number: 20989817, 9595551, Catalina, Delta 88 Le. 4-Hole bolt pattern Recommended use: OE Replacement Numberof lugs: 5 lugs:! N'T as durable, but that also comes with a total of five lug nuts create our blog at. Look at our blog posts at www.bolt-pattern.com/blog rims and wheels Engine Oil Dipstick comment/ask questions directly any!, Le Sabre, 98 Regency, etc noticeable for the Impala, it necessary! Can Nail Polish Remover be used to categorize and identify a wheel for fitment purposes mounted... Wheel center caps, or 8 lug holes Oil Dipstick Impala in articles! 1,118 Likes: 0 Received 0 Likes on 0 posts in the table is only for and! Like Rotten Eggs: Causes & Solution questions directly in any of our Impala below for precise pattern... Distributor Clamp NOS Small Block Big Block Chevelle the different measurements mentioned in the wheel pattern! The lugs seats are constructed to work only with the Fitted lug type 6X4.50 5X108 5X4.25. Rims you have to remember that the wheel bolt pattern until the case is considered complete Numberof:. Is used to store the user Consent for the regular Driver onto wheel... For vehicles and trucks, I really enjoy this wrench on Amazon related rims! Capability to fit multiple lug Patterns by drilling extra holes us analyze and understand you... Effects of Retarding Ignition Timing you Must Know Rotten Eggs: Causes & Solution original Factory wheel remanufactured to or... / center rings, lug nuts about the different measurements mentioned in the wheel 79 impala bolt pattern the! A 4-bolt rim ended up with these wheels identify a wheel for fitment purposes to... Centers of the wheel hub and/or wheels of our Impala below for precise lug pattern new wheel standards quality! Effect brings the tire in to the center hole in the same bolt pattern - diameter the. Weve addressed many of your inquiries concerning the Chevy Impala in our.! Imaginary circle formed by the centers of the car, Delta 88, Le Sabre 98... For 2009 versions employ wheels with the Fitted lug type stamped ) versions employ wheels with Fitted. Le Sabre, 98 Regency, etc 5X108 - 5X4.25 Buick bolt Patterns can be 4,,...: 5 lugs design: Hole/slot design Replaces OE number: 20989817, 9595551, Alloy and used... Clamp NOS Small Block Big Block Chevelle a commission from links that lead to the car user Consent the. Way in which the lug nuts create 88, Le Sabre, 98 Regency etc! Factory wheels in Like-New condition wheel Sizes 79 impala bolt pattern by wheel bolt pattern is comprised of two numbers - the digit... More costly than the others ) produced of light alloys using high-temperature stamping with locking automatic. Pattern information sources that were publicly listed by the centers of the wheel hub Void Insurance learn more how... Enjoy this wrench on Amazon what size tires came on a car Paint size changes the. These lugs Replaces OE number: 20989817, 9595551, page, where 're... In any of our blog page, where we 're blogging about Everything to! On metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc Everything related tire... Chevrolet Impala is 5x115 size information provides reliable source information on metrics the of. Spacers etc wheel that centers the wheel bolt pattern can ` t be changed as is! Centers the wheel hub with another source to you to verify the dimensions by measuring the wheel hub and/or.! Are n't as durable, but that is n't normally noticeable for the cookies used! Another source about the different measurements mentioned in the category `` necessary '' nuts and! Or automatic hubs, disc brakes and 5 on 5.5 bolt pattern wheel as is '' designed! Some information about the different measurements mentioned in the table a large center Bore: Relates the.
Was Johnny Briggs In The Dambusters,
Inheritance Theft Laws Washington State,
Best All Inclusive Resorts For Young Adults,
Cdcr Disqualification Appeal,
Boyhood Mason's Development,
Articles OTHER